Tekinoloje yoyezera ndi kuwongolera ndi chida ndi chiphunzitso ndi ukadaulo womwe umaphunzira kupeza ndi kukonza zidziwitso ndikuwongolera zinthu zogwirizana."Tekinoloje yoyezera ndi kuwongolera ndi zida" amatanthauza njira ndi zida zosonkhanitsira zidziwitso, kuyeza, kusungirako, kutumiza, kukonza ndi kuwongolera, kuphatikiza ukadaulo woyezera, ukadaulo wowongolera, zida ndi machitidwe omwe amagwiritsira ntchito matekinolojewa.
Measurement and Control Technology
Ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera ndi zida zimachokera pamakina olondola, ukadaulo wamagetsi, optics, kuwongolera zokha ndiukadaulo wamakompyuta.Imaphunzira kwambiri mfundo zatsopano, njira ndi njira zoyeserera mwatsatanetsatane komanso matekinoloje owongolera.M'zaka zaposachedwa, ukadaulo wamakompyuta watenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera.
Tekinoloje yoyezera ndi kuwongolera ndiukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji pakupanga ndi moyo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakhudza magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo wa anthu monga "kulemera kwa ulimi, nyanja, nthaka ndi mpweya, chakudya ndi zovala".Ukadaulo wa zida ndi "ochulukitsa" chuma cha dziko, "mkulu woyamba" wa kafukufuku wasayansi, "mphamvu yolimbana" mu usilikali, ndi "woweruza wazinthu" m'malamulo.Ukadaulo wamakompyuta woyesera ndi kuwongolera ndi zida zanzeru komanso zolondola zoyezera ndikuwongolera ndi machitidwe ndizizindikiro zofunika ndi njira m'magawo amakono opanga mafakitale ndi ulimi, kafukufuku wasayansi ndiukadaulo, kasamalidwe, kuyendera ndi kuyang'anira, ndipo akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Measurement and Control Technology ndi Instrumentation Technology
Tekinoloje yoyezera ndi kuwongolera ndiukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amakampani, ulimi, zoyendera, kuyenda, kuyenda, ndege, zankhondo, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi moyo wamba.Ndi chitukuko cha luso kupanga, muyeso ndi kulamulira luso amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri mu ulamuliro luso kulamulira koyamba kulamulira limodzi ndi zida zake, kulamulira ndondomeko lonse, ndipo ngakhale dongosolo, makamaka masiku ano luso lamakono. m’munda wa sayansi ndi zamakono zamakono.
M'makampani opanga zitsulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: kuwongolera ng'anjo yotentha, kuwongolera ndi kuphulika kwa ng'anjo pakupanga chitsulo, kuwongolera kuthamanga, kuwongolera liwiro la mphero, kuwongolera koyilo, ndi zina. zida zodziwira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mmenemo.
M'makampani amagetsi amagetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo njira yowongolera kuyatsa kwa boiler, kuyang'anira zodziwikiratu, chitetezo chodziwikiratu, kusintha kwadzidzidzi ndi pulogalamu yowongolera pulogalamu ya turbine ya nthunzi, ndi njira yolowera ndi kutulutsa mphamvu. injini.
M'makampani a malasha, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: chida chodula mitengo ya coalbed methane munjira yamigodi ya malasha, chida chodziwira mpweya wa mgodi, chowunikira gasi, chowunikira chitetezo chapansi panthaka, etc., kuwongolera njira yozimitsa coke ndi kuwongolera mpweya mu njira kuyenga malasha, kuyenga njira kuwongolera, kupanga makina kufala kulamulira, etc.
M'makampani a petroleum, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: maginito, mita yamadzi, choyezera kuthamanga ndi zida zina zoyezera zomwe zimathandizira ukadaulo wodula mitengo popanga mafuta, makina opangira magetsi, makina operekera madzi, makina operekera nthunzi, makina operekera mpweya. , Kusungirako ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinyalala katatu ndi zida zodziwira kuchuluka kwa magawo pakupanga kosalekeza.
M'makampani opanga mankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: kuyeza kutentha, kuyeza kwamadzi, kuyeza kwamadzimadzi, ndende, acidity, chinyezi, kachulukidwe, turbidity, mtengo wa calorific ndi magawo osiyanasiyana agasi osakanikirana.Zida zowongolera zomwe nthawi zonse zimayang'anira magawo olamulidwa, etc.
M'makampani amakina, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: zida zamakina owongolera makina, mizere yopangira zokha, maloboti aku mafakitale, ndi zina zambiri.
M'makampani azamlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: kuyeza kwa magawo monga kutalika kwa ndege, liwiro la ndege, malo owulukira ndi komwe akupita, mathamangitsidwe, mochulukira, ndi injini yamtundu, ukadaulo wamagalimoto apamlengalenga, ukadaulo wapamlengalenga, ndi kuyeza kwamlengalenga. ndi ukadaulo wowongolera.Dikirani.
Pazida zankhondo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo: zida zotsogozedwa bwino, zida zanzeru, dongosolo lankhondo lankhondo (C4IRS system), zida zankhondo zakumlengalenga (monga kuzindikira kosiyanasiyana kwankhondo, kulumikizana, chenjezo loyambirira, ma satellite oyenda, ndi zina zambiri. .).
Kupanga ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Ukadaulo wa Kuyeza ndi Kuwongolera
Mbiri yakale ya chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono Mbiri ya kumvetsetsa kwaumunthu ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu.Kukula kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo choyamba kumadalira pakukula kwaukadaulo woyezera.Sayansi yamakono yamakono imayamba ndi kuyeza m'lingaliro lenileni.Asayansi ambiri odziwika amalota kukhala opanga zida zasayansi ndi oyambitsa njira zoyezera.Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo woyezera kumayendetsa mwachindunji kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndiukadaulo.
Kusintha koyamba kwaukadaulo
M'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera unayamba kuwonekera.Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zakuthambo ku Ulaya anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakono ndi maginito kuti apange galvanometers zosavuta, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi opangira ma telescopes, motero kuyika maziko a zida zamagetsi ndi kuwala.M'zaka za m'ma 1760, kusintha koyamba kwa sayansi ndi zamakono kunayamba ku United Kingdom.Mpaka m'zaka za zana la 19, kusintha koyamba kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakono kunakula mpaka ku Ulaya, America, ndi Japan.Panthawiyi, zida zoyezera zosavuta, monga zida zoyezera kutalika, kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi zina zotero, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.M'moyo, zokolola zazikulu zapangidwa.
Kusintha kwachiwiri kwaukadaulo
Zinthu zingapo zomwe zachitika m'munda wa electromagnetism kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 zidayambitsa kusintha kwachiwiri kwaukadaulo.Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa chida choyezera mphamvu ya magetsi, mphamvu ya maginito yamagetsi inaikidwa m’njira yoyenera, ndipo kutulukira kosiyanasiyana kumakula.Zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa pankhani yamagetsi amagetsi, monga telegraph, telefoni, jenereta, ndi zina zambiri, zidathandizira kuti nthawi yamagetsi ifike.Nthawi yomweyo, zida zina zosiyanasiyana zoyezera ndi kuwunika zikutulukanso, monga theodolite ya kalasi yoyamba yolondola yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera kukwera chisanafike 1891.
Kusintha kwachitatu kwaukadaulo
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kufunika kofulumira kwaukadaulo wapamwamba m'maiko osiyanasiyana kudalimbikitsa kusintha kwaukadaulo wopanga kuchokera kumakina wamba kupita kumagetsi ndi ma automation, ndipo zopambana zazikulu zingapo za kafukufuku wasayansi zidapangidwa.
Panthawiyi, makampani opanga zinthu omwe amaimiridwa ndi zinthu zamagetsi anayamba kukula m'mafakitale.Makhalidwe a kupanga zinthu zambiri ndi ma cyclic opareshoni ndi mayendedwe oyenda.Kuti izi zikhale zodziwikiratu, zimafunika kuti zidziwike zokha malo a workpiece panthawi yochotsa kukonza ndi kupanga., kukula, mawonekedwe, kaimidwe kapena ntchito, etc. Kuti izi zitheke, zida zambiri zoyezera ndi zowongolera zimafunika.Kumbali inayi, kukwera kwamakampani opanga mankhwala okhala ndi petroleum ngati zopangira kumafuna zida zambiri zoyezera ndi zowongolera.Zida zodzipangira zokha zidayamba kukhazikika, ndipo makina owongolera okha adapangidwa pakufunidwa.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zida zamakina a CNC ndi teknoloji ya robot zinabadwanso panthawiyi, momwe teknoloji yoyezera ndi kulamulira ndi zida zimakhala ndi ntchito zofunika.
Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, zida zakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri chaukadaulo pakuyezera, kuwongolera ndi kupanga zokha, kuyambira pakuyezetsa kosavuta ndi kuwona.Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana, zida zakula kuchokera kumadera ogwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwe kupita kuzinthu zomwe sizinali zachikhalidwe monga biomedicine, chilengedwe, ndi bioengineering.
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 2100, zopambana zaposachedwa kwambiri zaukadaulo, monga zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakina olondola kwambiri, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamankhwala amakono a mamolekyulu, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamtundu wa majini, ndi kafukufuku wolondola kwambiri wa zida zapadera zogwirira ntchito kwambiri. zotsatira ndi zapadziko lonse Zotsatira za kutchuka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yapaintaneti zatuluka chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake, chomwe chiri kusintha kwakukulu m'munda wa zida ndi kulimbikitsa kubwera kwa nyengo yatsopano ya zida zamakono komanso zanzeru.
Zomverera mumiyeso ndi machitidwe owongolera
Njira yoyezera ndi kuwongolera imakhala ndi masensa, otembenuza apakatikati ndi zojambulira zowonetsera.Sensa imazindikira ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa thupi komwe kuyezedwa kukhala kuchuluka kwathupi komwe kuyezedwa.Wotembenuza wapakatikati amasanthula, kukonza ndikusintha kutulutsa kwa sensor kukhala chizindikiro chomwe chingavomerezedwe ndi chida chotsatira, ndikuchitulutsa ku machitidwe ena, kapena amayezedwa ndi chojambulira chowonetsera.Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa ndikujambulidwa.
Sensa ndiye ulalo woyamba wa dongosolo loyezera.Kwa dongosolo lolamulira, ngati kompyuta ikufaniziridwa ndi ubongo, ndiye kuti sensa imakhala yofanana ndi mphamvu zisanu, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kulondola kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Sensor nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zovuta, mafayilo otembenuka, ndi mabwalo osinthira.Mtengo woyezera umamveka mwachindunji ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino, ndipo kusintha kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali pawokha kumakhala ndi ubale wotsimikizika ndi kusintha kwa mtengo woyezera, ndipo chizindikirochi n'chosavuta kuyeza ndi kutulutsa;ndiye linanena bungwe tcheru chinthu amasandulika magetsi parameter ndi kutembenuka chinthu;Pomaliza, kutembenuka kwa dera kumakulitsa magawo amagetsi otulutsa ndi chinthu chosinthira ndikusinthira kukhala mazizindikiro amagetsi ofunikira omwe ndi osavuta kuwonetsa, kujambula, kukonza ndi kuwongolera.
Mkhalidwe Wamakono ndi Kukula kwa Zomverera Zatsopano
Tekinoloje ya Sensing ndi imodzi mwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe ukukula kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano.Sensa yatsopanoyi sikuti imangotsatira kulondola kwapamwamba, kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu, kudalirika kwakukulu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kumayambira kugwirizanitsa, miniaturization, digitization ndi luntha.
1. Wanzeru
Nzeru za sensa imatanthawuza kuphatikizika kwa ntchito za masensa ochiritsira ndi ntchito zamakompyuta kapena zigawo zina kuti apange msonkhano wodziyimira pawokha, womwe sikuti uli ndi ntchito zonyamula zidziwitso komanso kutembenuka kwazizindikiro, komanso kuthekera kosunga deta. , kusanthula malipiro ndi kupanga zisankho.
2. Networking
Kulumikizana kwa sensa ndikupangitsa kuti sensa ikhale ndi ntchito yolumikizana ndi netiweki yamakompyuta, kuzindikira kufalikira kwa chidziwitso chakutali ndi kuthekera kokonza, ndiko kuti, kuzindikira kuyeza kwa "kupitilira-kutalika" kwa kuyeza. ndi control system.
3. Miniaturization
Mtengo wa miniaturization wa sensa umachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa sensa pansi pa chikhalidwe chakuti ntchitoyo sikusintha kapena kuwonjezereka.Miniaturization ndiyofunikira pakuyezera kolondola kwamakono ndi kuwongolera.M'malo mwake, kukula kwake kwa sensa kumachepa, kumachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chinthu choyezedwa ndi chilengedwe, kuchepa kwa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, komanso kumakhala kosavuta kukwaniritsa muyeso wolondola.
4. Kuphatikiza
Kuphatikiza kwa masensa kumatanthawuza kuphatikizika kwa mbali ziwiri zotsatirazi:
(1) Kuphatikiza kwa magawo angapo a kuyeza kumatha kuyeza magawo angapo.
(2) Kuphatikizika kwa ma sensing ndi mabwalo otsatizana, ndiko kuti, kuphatikizika kwa zigawo zodziwika bwino, zida zosinthira, mabwalo otembenuka komanso ngakhale magetsi pa chip chomwechi, kuti chikhale ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba.
5. Digitization
Mtengo wa digito wa sensor ndikuti chidziwitso chomwe chimapangidwa ndi sensa ndi kuchuluka kwa digito, komwe kumatha kuzindikira kufalikira kwakutali komanso kulondola kwambiri, ndipo kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi zida zopangira digito monga makompyuta opanda maulalo apakatikati.
Kuphatikizika, luntha, miniaturization, maukonde ndi digito ya masensa sizimadziyimira pawokha, koma ndizowonjezera komanso zogwirizana, ndipo palibe malire omveka bwino pakati pawo.
Control Technology mu Measurement and Control System
Basic Control Theory
1. Chiphunzitso chachikale chowongolera
Chiphunzitso cha classical control chili ndi magawo atatu: chiphunzitso cha linear control, sampling control theory, ndi nonlinear control theory.Classical Cybernetics imatenga kusintha kwa Laplace ndipo Z imasandulika ngati zida za masamu, ndipo imatenga njira yokhazikika yoyikapo imodzi ngati chinthu chachikulu chofufuzira.Kusiyana kwa equation komwe kumafotokozera dongosololi kumasinthidwa kukhala nambala yovuta ndi Laplace kusintha kapena Z kusintha, ndipo ntchito yosinthira dongosolo imapezedwa.Ndipo kutengera ntchito yosinthira, njira yofufuzira ya trajectory ndi ma frequency, kuyang'ana pakuwunika kukhazikika ndi kulondola kwadongosolo kwadongosolo lowongolera mayankho.
2. Malingaliro Amakono Olamulira
Chiphunzitso chamakono cholamulira ndi chiphunzitso cholamulira chozikidwa pa njira ya danga ya boma, yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la chiphunzitso chodziwikiratu.M'malingaliro amasiku ano olamulira, kusanthula ndi kapangidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kapa bwino kantha zacha ngokwe kapangani ukuyanganikhu okuyingwa okuyi9jo miakajojojojojojo kwakajoooo kwakaa kwaka wao kweNjowu okuyiNkombela iwongezwa.Malingaliro amakono owongolera amatha kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zowongolera kuposa malingaliro owongolera akale, kuphatikiza ma linear and nonlinear systems, stationary and time-varying systems, single-variable systems and multi-variable systems.Njira ndi ma algorithms omwe amatengera ndi oyeneranso pamakompyuta a digito.Chiphunzitso chamakono chowongolera chimaperekanso mwayi wopanga ndi kupanga machitidwe owongolera omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zodziwika bwino.
Control System
Dongosolo lowongolera limapangidwa ndi zida zowongolera (kuphatikiza owongolera, ma actuators ndi masensa) ndi zinthu zoyendetsedwa.Chipangizo chowongolera chikhoza kukhala munthu kapena makina, ndiko kusiyana pakati pa kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera pamanja.Kwa makina owongolera okha, molingana ndi mfundo zowongolera zosiyanasiyana, amatha kugawidwa m'mawonekedwe otseguka komanso otsekera;molingana ndi kagawidwe ka zizindikiro zomwe zapatsidwa, zitha kugawidwa m'machitidwe owongolera mtengo wokhazikika, dongosolo lowongolera ndi dongosolo lowongolera pulogalamu.
Ukadaulo wa zida za Virtual
Chida choyezera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kuyeza ndi kuwongolera, lomwe limagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: chida chodziyimira pawokha ndi chida chenicheni.
Chida chodziyimira pawokha chimasonkhanitsa, kukonza, ndikutulutsa chizindikiro cha chidacho mu chassis chodziyimira pawokha, chimakhala ndi gulu la opareshoni ndi madoko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ntchito zonse zilipo mu mawonekedwe a hardware kapena fimuweya, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti chida chodziyimira chokha chitha kufotokozedwa ndi wopanga., chilolezo, chomwe wosuta sangasinthe.
Chida chenichenicho chimamaliza kusanthula ndi kukonza chizindikirocho, kufotokozera ndi kutulutsa zotsatira pakompyuta, kapena kuyika khadi yopezera deta pakompyuta, ndikuchotsa mbali zitatu za chipangizocho pakompyuta, zomwe zimaphwanya chikhalidwe. zida.malire.
Zaukadaulo za Virtual Instruments
1. Ntchito zamphamvu, kuphatikiza chithandizo champhamvu cha hardware cha makompyuta, kuswa malire a zida zachikhalidwe pokonza, kuwonetsera ndi kusunga.Kukonzekera koyenera ndi: purosesa yogwira ntchito kwambiri, chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri, disk hard-capacity.
2. Zida zamapulogalamu apakompyuta zimazindikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zamakina, kusunga zinthu zakuthupi, ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwadongosolo;kudzera mu ma aligorivimu ofanana ndi manambala, kusanthula kosiyanasiyana ndi kukonza kwa data yoyeserera kumatha kuchitidwa mwachindunji munthawi yeniyeni;kudzera muukadaulo wa GUI (graphical user interface)) kuti mukwaniritse mawonekedwe ochezeka komanso kulumikizana kwa makompyuta ndi anthu.
3. Popeza mabasi apakompyuta ndi basi yodziyimira pawokha, zida za zida zimasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa dongosolo ndikuthandizira kupanga zida zama modular.
The zikuchokera pafupifupi chida dongosolo
Chida cha Virtual chili ndi zida za Hardware ndi zolumikizirana, pulogalamu yoyendetsa zida ndi gulu la zida zenizeni.Pakati pawo, zida za Hardware ndi zolumikizira zimatha kukhala makhadi osiyanasiyana opangidwa ndi PC, makhadi olumikizira mabasi onse, ma serial madoko, mawonekedwe a zida za basi za VXI, ndi zina zambiri, kapena zida zina zoyeserera zakunja. pulogalamu yoyendetsa yomwe imayang'anira mwachindunji mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a hardware.Chida chodziwikiratu chimalumikizana ndi chida chenichenicho kudzera pa pulogalamu yoyendetsa zida zoyambira, ndikuwonetsa zinthu zofananira za chida chenichenicho pakompyuta ngati mawonekedwe a zida zowonera.Zowongolera zosiyanasiyana.Wogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito gulu la chida chomwe chili ndi mbewa ngati yeniyeni komanso yosavuta ngati kugwiritsa ntchito chida chenichenicho.
Ukadaulo woyezera ndi kuwongolera ndi zida zazikulu ndizokhazikika komanso zodzaza ndi chiyembekezo chachitukuko.Amanenedwa kukhala achikhalidwe chifukwa ali ndi chiyambi chakale, adakumana ndi zaka mazana ambiri za chitukuko, ndipo adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha anthu.Monga wamkulu wachikhalidwe, amaphatikizanso maphunziro ambiri nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu zamphamvu.
Ndi chitukuko chowonjezereka cha luso lamakono la kuyeza ndi kulamulira, zamakono zamakono zamakono ndi zamakono zamakompyuta, zadzetsa mwayi watsopano wa zatsopano ndi chitukuko, zomwe zidzatulutsa ntchito zovuta kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-21-2022