Kuyamba kwa Voltmeter

Mwachidule

Voltmeter ndi chida choyezera voteji, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi voltmeter - voltmeter.Chizindikiro: V, pali maginito okhazikika mu galvanometer yodziwika bwino, koyilo yopangidwa ndi mawaya imalumikizidwa mndandanda pakati pa ma terminals awiri a galvanometer, koyiloyo imayikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito ya maginito okhazikika, ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi cholozera. wa wotchi kudzera pa chipangizo chopatsira.Ma voltmeter ambiri amagawidwa m'magulu awiri.Voltmeter ili ndi ma terminals atatu, terminal imodzi yoyipa ndi ma terminal awiri abwino.Malo abwino a voltmeter amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo abwino a dera, ndipo malo olakwika amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo olakwika a dera.Voltmeter iyenera kulumikizidwa molingana ndi chipangizo chamagetsi choyesedwa.Voltmeter ndi chopinga chachikulu, chomwe chimatengedwa ngati dera lotseguka.Mitundu ya voltmeter yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma laboratories asukulu za sekondale ndi 0 ~ 3V ndi 0 ~ 15V.

Working mfundo

Traditional pointer voltmeters ndi ammeters zimachokera pa mfundo yomwe ndi maginito mphamvu yamakono.Kuchuluka kwamakono, mphamvu yaikulu ya maginito imapangidwa, yomwe imasonyeza kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa pointer pa voltmeter.Pali maginito ndi koyilo ya waya mu voltmeter.Pambuyo podutsa panopa, koyiloyo idzapanga mphamvu ya maginito.Pambuyo koyilo ndi mphamvu Kupatuka kudzachitika pansi pa zochita za maginito, amene ali mutu gawo la ammeter ndi voltmeter.

Popeza kuti voltmeter iyenera kulumikizidwa mofanana ndi kukana koyezera, ngati ammeter yokhudzidwa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ngati voltmeter, yomwe ili mu mita idzakhala yaikulu kwambiri ndipo mita idzawotcha.Panthawiyi, kukana kwakukulu kumafunika kulumikizidwa mndandanda ndi dera lamkati la voltmeter., Pambuyo pa kusinthika uku, pamene voltmeter imagwirizanitsidwa mofanana mu dera, voteji yambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa mita imagawidwa ndi kukana kwa mndandandawu chifukwa cha ntchito ya kukana, kotero kuti panopa kudutsa mamita kwenikweni yaying'ono kwambiri, kotero Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

Chizindikiro cha voltmeter ya DC chiyenera kuwonjezera "_" pansi pa V, ndipo chizindikiro cha voltmeter ya AC chiyenera kuwonjezera mzere wa wavy "~" pansi pa V.

Akupempha

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa ma voltage pagawo lililonse kapena chipangizo chamagetsi.

Gulu

Makina owonetsa mita yoyezera voteji ya DC ndi AC voltage.Amagawidwa mu DC voltmeter ndi AC voltmeter.

Mtundu wa DC umagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyezera mita ya magnetoelectricity ndi mita ya electrostatic.

Mtundu wa AC umagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyezera mita yamagetsi yamtundu wa rectifier, mita yamagetsi yamtundu wa electromagnetic, mita yamagetsi yamtundu wamagetsi ndi mita yamagetsi yamtundu wa electrostatic.

Digital voltmeter ndi chida chomwe chimasinthira kuchuluka kwa voteji komwe kuyezedwa kukhala mawonekedwe a digito ndi chosinthira cha analogi kupita ku digito ndipo chimawonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a digito.Ngati votejiyo ndi yachilendo chifukwa chazifukwa monga mphezi, gwiritsani ntchito dera loyamwa phokoso lakunja monga fyuluta yamagetsi kapena chopinga chopanda mzere.

Kalozera wosankha

Njira yoyezera ya ammeter ndi voltmeter ndiyofanana, koma kulumikizana mugawo loyezera ndi kosiyana.Choncho, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kudziwidwa posankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ammeters ndi voltmeters.

⒈ Kusankha mtundu.Pamene kuyeza ndi DC, mita ya DC iyenera kusankhidwa, ndiko kuti, mita ya magnetoelectric system kuyeza makina.Pamene kuyeza AC, ayenera kulabadira mawonekedwe ake mafunde ndi pafupipafupi.Ngati ndi sine wave, imatha kusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zina (monga mtengo wapamwamba, mtengo wapakati, ndi zina) pongoyeza mtengo wake, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa mita ya AC ungagwiritsidwe ntchito;ngati ili mafunde osakhala ndi sine, iyenera kusiyanitsa zomwe zikuyenera kuyezedwa Kwa mtengo wa rms, chida cha maginito kapena ferromagnetic electric system chingasankhidwe, ndipo mtengo wapakati wa chida cha rectifier system ukhoza kusankhidwa. osankhidwa.Chida choyezera makina amagetsi nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera ndendende pakali pano komanso voteji.

⒉ Kusankha kulondola.Kukwera kolondola kwa chidacho, mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo komanso zovuta kwambiri kukonza.Komanso, ngati zinthu zina sizikugwirizana bwino, chida chomwe chili ndi mlingo wolondola kwambiri sichingathe kupeza zotsatira zolondola.Choncho, posankha chida chochepa cholondola kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zoyezera, musasankhe chida chapamwamba.Nthawi zambiri 0,1 ndi 0.2 mita amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mita;0.5 ndi 1.0 mamita amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza labotale;zida zomwe zili pansi pa 1.5 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza uinjiniya.

⒊ Kusankha kwamitundu.Kuti mupereke masewera athunthu ku gawo la kulondola kwa chidacho, m'pofunikanso kusankha mwanzeru malire a chidacho malinga ndi kukula kwa mtengo woyezera.Ngati kusankha kuli kosayenera, cholakwika cha muyeso chidzakhala chachikulu kwambiri.Kawirikawiri, chisonyezero cha chida chomwe chiyenera kuyezedwa ndi chachikulu kuposa 1/2 ~ 2/3 cha kuchuluka kwa chidacho, koma sichikhoza kupitirira malire ake.

⒋ Chisankho cha kukana kwamkati.Posankha mita, kukana kwamkati kwa mita kuyeneranso kusankhidwa molingana ndi kukula kwa impedance yoyezera, apo ayi zidzabweretsa cholakwika chachikulu.Chifukwa kukula kwa kukana kwamkati kumawonetsera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mita yokhayokha, poyezera zamakono, ammeter yokhala ndi kukana kochepa kwambiri kwamkati iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito;poyezera voteji, voltmeter yokhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kwamkati iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mkukonzekera

1. Tsatirani mosamalitsa zofunikira za bukhuli, ndikusunga ndikuligwiritsa ntchito m'malo ovomerezeka a kutentha, chinyezi, fumbi, kugwedezeka, gawo lamagetsi ndi zina.

2. Chida chomwe chasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ndipo chinyezi chiyenera kuchotsedwa.

3. Zida zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kukonzedwa koyenera malinga ndi zofunikira za magetsi.

4. Osasokoneza ndikusintha chidacho mwakufuna kwake, apo ayi kukhudzidwa kwake ndi kulondola kwake kudzakhudzidwa.

5. Pazida zokhala ndi mabatire omwe adayikidwa mu mita, samalani kuti muwone kutulutsa kwa batire, ndikuyika m'malo mwake kuti mupewe kusefukira kwa electrolyte ya batri ndi dzimbiri.Kwa mita yomwe sidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, batire ya mita iyenera kuchotsedwa.

Zinthu zofunika kuziganizira

(1) Poyezera, voltmeter iyenera kulumikizidwa mofanana ndi dera lomwe likuyesedwa.

(2) Popeza voltmeter imagwirizanitsidwa mofanana ndi katundu, kukana kwamkati kwa Rv kumafunika kukhala kwakukulu kuposa RL kukana katundu.

(3) Poyesa DC, choyamba gwirizanitsani batani la "-" la voltmeter kumalo otsika otsika a dera lomwe likuyesedwa, ndiyeno gwirizanitsani batani la "+" kumapeto kwa dera lomwe likuyesedwa.

(4) Kwa voltmeter yochuluka, pamene malire a kuchuluka ayenera kusinthidwa, voltmeter iyenera kuchotsedwa ku dera loyesedwa musanasinthe malire a kuchuluka.

Troubleshooting

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya digito ya voltmeter ndi yovuta kwambiri, ndipo ili ndi mitundu yambiri, koma ma voltmeters omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri (kuphatikizapo ma multimeters a digito) akhoza kugawidwa kukhala ma voltmeters a digito a DC a ramp A/D converters ndi kufananitsa motsatizana.Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma voltmeter a digito osinthidwa a DC pazosintha za A/D.Nthawi zambiri, pali njira zokonzera zotsatirazi.

1. Kuyesedwa koyenera musanayambe kukonzanso

Izi makamaka kudzera mu "zero zosintha" ndi "voltage calibration" ya makina pambuyo poyambitsa kutenthedwa kuti adziwe ngati ntchito yomveka ya voltmeter ya digito ndi yachibadwa.

Ngati polarity ya "+" ndi "-" ingasinthidwe panthawi ya "zero adjustment", kapena pamene ma voltages a "+" ndi "-" asinthidwa, manambala owonetsedwa okha ndi omwe ali olakwika, komanso nambala yamagetsi yomwe imawonetsedwa mwa awiriwa ndi olondola., zomwe zimasonyeza kuti logic yonse ya voltmeter ya digito ndi yachibadwa.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ngati kusintha kwa zero sikungatheke kapena kulibe mawonedwe a digito, zimasonyeza kuti logic ya makina onse ndi yachilendo.

2. Yezerani mphamvu yamagetsi

Magetsi olakwika kapena osasunthika amagetsi osiyanasiyana a DC amawongolera magetsi mkati mwa digito voltmeter, ndi zener diode (2DW7B, 2DW7C, ndi zina) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la "voltage" alibe zotuluka zoyendetsedwa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku logic ntchito. pa digito voltmeter.Chimodzi mwazoyambitsa chisokonezo.Chifukwa chake, mukamayamba kukonza cholakwikacho, choyamba muyenera kuyang'ana ngati zotulutsa zosiyanasiyana za DC zokhazikika komanso magwero amagetsi amagetsi mkati mwa voltmeter ya digito ndizolondola komanso zokhazikika.Ngati vutoli likupezeka ndikukonzedwa, nthawi zambiri vutolo likhoza kuthetsedwa ndipo ntchito yomveka ya voltmeter ya digito ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso.

3. Chipangizo chosinthika chosinthika

Zida zosinthika pang'ono m'magawo amkati amagetsi a digito, monga "reference voltage" gwero lodulira ma rheostats, ma amplifier opangira ma rheostats, ndi ma transistor owongolera mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa malo otsetsereka a semi- zida zosinthika zimakhala ndi kukhudzana koyipa, kapena Kukaniza kwake kwa mabala a waya ndi mildewed, ndipo mtengo wowonetsera wa digito voltmeter nthawi zambiri umakhala wolakwika, wosakhazikika, ndipo sungathe kuyeza.Nthawi zina kusintha pang'ono zokhudzana ndi theka-chosinthika chipangizo nthawi zambiri kuthetsa vuto la kukhudzana osauka ndi kubwezeretsa voltmeter digito yachibadwa.

Ndikoyenera kunena kuti chifukwa cha parasitic oscillation ya transistor yoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi palokha, nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kuti voltmeter ya digito iwonetse kulephera kosakhazikika.Chifukwa chake, pansi pazifukwa zosakhudza magwiridwe antchito amakina onse, mphamvu yowongolera potentiometer imathanso kusinthidwa pang'ono kuti ithetse kufalikira kwa parasitic.

4. Yang'anani momwe mafunde akugwirira ntchito

Kwa voltmeter yolakwika ya digito, gwiritsani ntchito oscilloscope yoyenera yamagetsi kuti muwone momwe ma waveform amatulutsira ndi cholumikizira, mawonekedwe amtundu wamagetsi otuluka ndi jenereta ya wotchi, mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito a ring step trigger circuit ndi ripple voltage waveform of the regulated power supply. , etc. Ndizothandiza kwambiri kupeza malo olakwika ndi kufufuza chifukwa cha vutolo.

5. Phunzirani mfundo ya dera

Ngati palibe vuto likupezeka kudzera mu njira zokonza pamwambazi, m'pofunika kuti mupitirize kuphunzira mfundo ya dera la voltmeter ya digito, ndiko kuti, kumvetsetsa mfundo zogwirira ntchito ndi mgwirizano womveka wa gawo lililonse la gawo, kuti mufufuze magawo ozungulira omwe angakhalepo. yambitsani zolakwika, ndikuwunika kokonzekera Ndondomeko yoyeserera chifukwa chakulephera.

6. Konzani ndondomeko yoyesera

Digital voltmeter ndi chida choyezera cholondola chamagetsi chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira komanso ntchito zomveka.Choncho, pamaziko a kuphunzira mozama mfundo yake yogwirira ntchito ya makina onse, dongosolo loyesera likhoza kupangidwa molingana ndi kusanthula koyambirira kwa zomwe zingatheke kulephera kudziwa bwino malo olakwika ndikupeza mtengo wowonongeka ndi wosinthika. zipangizo, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chokonzekera chida.

7. Yesani ndikusintha chipangizocho

Pali zida zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira ma voltmeter a digito, pomwe Zener ndiye gwero lamagetsi, ndiye kuti, muyezo wa Zener diode, monga 2DW7B, 2DW7C, etc., amplifier yolumikizirana chigawo chophatikizira, choyambitsa mphete Ma diode osinthira m'derali, komanso midadada yophatikizika kapena ma transistors osinthika mumayendedwe olembetsedwa a bistable, nthawi zambiri amawonongeka ndikusinthidwa mtengo.Choncho, chipangizo chomwe chikufunsidwacho chiyenera kuyesedwa, ndipo chipangizo chomwe sichingayesedwe kapena chomwe chayesedwa koma chili ndi mavuto chiyenera kusinthidwa kuti cholakwacho chichotsedwe mwamsanga.